Conference programme

Originally, the term ‘echo chamber’ referred to a room designed to produce echo and reverberation for recording music, such as using a tiled bathroom to create a hollow sound. Today, echo chamber is being used to refer to a digital environment where a person only encounters information, opinions and beliefs that reflect and reinforce their own. This is done by restricting exposure to opposing viewpoints, often amplifying existing views. The net result is creation of a false sense of consensus. Today, Big Tech and media are doing so, via social media feeds, specialised news outlets and homogeneous online forums. Social media algorithms (like those used by Facebook, X, and YouTube) curate content based on past behaviour, showing users only what they already agree with. We then tend to follow like-minded people on social media or discuss topics only with people who share the same views.

The challenge here is that users within an echo chamber might be more susceptible to misinformation, as they are not exposed to diverse perspectives or counterarguments. These challenges may be addressed by regulation, which doesn’t exist. Socially aware corporates can, of course, combine algorithmic adjustments with user-driven content diversification to combat social polarisation. Some strategies that may be implemented by platforms, to combat the ill effects, include developing balanced recommendation systems, enhancing algorithmic transparency, and actively seeking diverse perspectives to mitigate confirmation bias. 

Users (in the absence of regulators) can demand technology companies disclose how recommendation algorithms function. Users may be provided an option to receive content that presents different viewpoints, rather than only reinforcing pre-existing views. This will allow users to intentionally seek out news from a variety of sources that challenge existing views. There are a few regulatory frameworks that are giving this trend some thought. The EU Digital Services Act focuses on algorithmic accountability, transparency and requiring platforms to manage risks related to the amplification of divisive or sensational content. The UK Online Safety Act aims to hold platforms accountable for harmful content amplification, including mechanisms that create ‘rabbit holes’ of extremist material. Data protection laws around the globe restrict the use of personal data for micro-targeting and algorithmic filtering, which are foundational to creating echo chambers. The EU AI Act regulates the underlying AI and algorithms responsible for content curation. 

The challenge with having a specific regulation addressing echo chamber ills is that it may violate either freedom of expression or user privacy. What if a user has consented to data collection for personalised services? It is this personalisation that fuels echo chambers. Interestingly, the GDPR focuses on protecting data rather than limiting the ‘bubble’ effect!

This session will review current issues in space law arising from the renewed global focus on returning to the Moon and the prospect of permanent lunar settlement.

It will consider proposed lunar missions and plans by NASA, the European Space Agency, China and Roscosmos, and will examine how existing principles of international space law, including the non-appropriation of outer space and celestial bodies, apply to these developments.

The session will also explore how the need for lunar development can be reconciled with private and common usage, the application of the ‘peaceful purposes’ principle and restrictions on certain military establishments, and the legal issues surrounding commercial activities on the Moon, including intellectual property and international agreements for commercial operations.