The African Continental Free Trade Area has exciting implications for the continent’s economies and people. Global Insight examines the scope of what has been agreed, and the important role of lawyers in enabling the full potential of free trade.

At the beginning of 2021, trading began under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement. The AfCFTA’s aim is the creation of a single market for goods and services in Africa. It covers as many as 1.3 billion people, whose combined gross domestic product stands at an estimated $3.4tn. A new era for the continent’s economies has arrived.

The Agreement – signed in Rwanda in 2018 – looks to take Africa from its current position, as a continent with 107 unique borders, high tariffs on goods and constraints on mobility, to a place of regulatory cooperation, with an integrated market, fewer tariff and non-tariff barriers and greater links between blocs of countries. In short, a continent where internal trade in goods and services is made significantly easier.

Babatunde Ajibade, Chair of the IBA African Regional Forum and Managing Partner of S P A Ajibade & Co, describes the Agreement as ‘probably the most exciting development that has come out of Africa in the recent past’. Ajibade co-presented a series of webinars run by the Forum on the subject of the AfCFTA, which took place in November and December 2021.

‘There are lots of superlatives that have been mentioned about what the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement is going to be on the economies of African countries’, says Ajibade. ‘We would like to see that those superlatives actually manifest in reality, and we think that the legal profession has a significant part to play in ensuring that this happens’.

Elsewhere, the AfCFTA is similarly being hailed as a monumental event, not least for its potential to greatly enhance African economies and significantly reduce poverty on the continent. The World Bank estimates that the new market could lift up to 30 million Africans out of extreme poverty.

As stated in 2020 by Caroline Freund, the then Global Director of Trade, Investment and Competitiveness at the World Bank, ‘Creating a single, continent-wide market for goods and services, business and investment would reshape African economies. The implementation of AfCFTA would be a huge step forward for Africa, demonstrating to the world that it is emerging as a leader on the global trade agenda.’

In its summary of its 2020 report The African Continental Free Trade Area: Economic and Distributional Effects, the World Bank lists the benefits of implementing the AfCFTA as including an increase in Africa’s income of $450bn by 2035 – and a boost to the rest of the world’s income of $76bn – and rising wages, to the tune of 10.3 per cent for unskilled workers and 9.8 per cent for skilled workers.

In early December 2021, the UN Conference on Trade and Development published its Economic Development in Africa Report 2021, which highlights the ‘transformational ambition’ of the AfCFTA. The report’s authors note however that ‘the extent to which the potential benefits of the African Continental Free Trade Area will be seamlessly achieved depends on several factors, including the level of integration and the policies and other complementary interventions in place that allow for the efficient exploitation of the opportunities accorded by deeper integration’.

The state of trade

The AfCFTA is a key part of the Agenda 2063 plan put forward by the African Union (AU), a body created at the turn of the millennium as the successor to the Organisation for African Unity, and which brings together 55 countries. The plan is intended to transform Africa into ‘the global powerhouse of the future’ and presents a ‘strategic framework that aims to deliver on its goal for inclusive and sustainable development and is a concrete manifestation of the pan-African drive for unity, self-determination, freedom, progress and collective prosperity pursued under Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance’.

Currently, 54 of the AU’s members have signed the AfCFTA, and 40 of those countries have ratified it. It’s hoped that the next year sees ratification by the remaining signatories.

The AfCFTA Agreement itself is made up of seven framework protocols. Three have been completed as of the end of 2021 – namely those concerning trade in goods, trade in services and dispute settlement. Each protocol sets out a specific agenda, describing what exactly is intended, the timeline for achieving it and benchmarks for assessing the results. The Protocol on Trade in Goods, for instance, intends to remove 90 per cent of tariff lines in five years for the least developed countries and over ten years in more developed countries.

These protocols then identify specific targets and objectives for the negotiations between member states, who work out the terms of trade that – when agreed by heads of state – establish the binding rules for those countries.

A number of operational tools have been introduced by the AfCFTA. For example, the ‘rule of origin’ principle will identify products made in Africa and apply specific rules and preferences to them.

‘The AfCFTA doesn’t wipe [the RECs] away’, says Dr Ogo. ‘The AfCFTA then says, “How do we consolidate what has been achieved in these RECs?” and so the AfCFTA, while it links the member states […] also tries to link these RECs as well in the context of the new space that is being created.’

The road to free trade

The AfCFTA hasn’t appeared out of nowhere. Its roots lie in the 1980 Lagos Plan of Action, an attempt to chart a path forward for Africa’s economic development through economic integration. In 1991 the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community – otherwise known as the Abuja Treaty – was signed. This was a legal agreement that included numerous aspirational milestones towards further integration, for example in respect of creating a customs union and a monetary union.

‘Because they were aspirational, it was also quite difficult to implement [the Treaty’s provisions] because it didn’t quite create rights and obligations which people or states will actually hold each other to’, says Babajide Sodipo, a senior manager in the AU/AfCFTA Relations and Trade Policy department at the African Export–Import Bank, Cairo. Sodipo also appeared as a speaker during the IBA webinar series.

He believes ‘we must see the AfCFTA Agreement as an expression or an attempt to operationalise or to actually implement the aspirations that were set down in the African Economic Community Treaty’.

In 2012 a policy document was adopted by African heads of states, which proposed creating an initial trade agenda as part of the path towards integration. Finally, negotiations on the AfCFTA began in 2015, predominantly conducted by member states’ ministers for trade.

Sodipo says that as much as the AfCFTA is an economic project and a legal agreement, it’s important to understand that it’s also a political project for the AU, ‘in the sense that it was also an expression of a political desire to have an integrated Africa’.

He says that, examining the AfCFTA Agreement, a reader may notice that while not everything in the AfCFTA makes economic or legal sense, it instead makes political sense – something the AfCFTA has in common with many other international trade agreements, in Sodipo’s view.

As lawyers seek to examine the issues in the AfCFTA, it’s important for them to view the Agreement with a wide enough lens to understand all of the angles and perhaps be able to contextualise some of the things that they see, says Sodipo.

Enter the lawyers

Sodipo believes it’s tempting, when approaching the Agreement, to view it in the abstract. Lawyers should however look at the AfCFTA firstly as a legal agreement, he says, highlighting that while it’s a treaty, it’s simultaneously a ‘different kind of legal agreement’.

Regarding it in this way will bring the AfCFTA ‘closer to you and make it easier for your mind to work itself around it, because then you look at it the same way you look at any legal agreement’, for example in terms of what rights are created and who has them, what obligations exist and the consequences for not meeting them, and in respect of how conflicts are resolved. ‘These are questions that as lawyers you deal with in legal agreements that you face every day’, says Sodipo.

The Agreement presents significant opportunities for lawyers. One area that will generate work will be the settlement of disputes, and here the AfCFTA has its own Dispute Resolution Protocol. Dr Ogo says that this Protocol is intended more for use by state parties, however, and alternatives may therefore emerge. ‘You have to think now about arbitration. You have to think about mediation’, she says. ‘Another way to approach it is also to think about preventive mechanisms – is there a way to begin to think about things like standard contracts [for example]?’

While the Agreement sets out that disputes will be resolved via a state-to-state party mechanism, from a practical perspective a country’s trade ministry is not going to be on hand to observe issues on the ground. Sodipo says that, where problems arise, lawyers – with their knowledge of the AfCFTA – can become involved by taking forward complaints from businesses and filing legal briefs which identify the issue and the obligations allegedly breached, and then engaging with the appropriate authorities.

Lawyers should consider the international dimension when it comes to their existing clients, and, according to Sodipo, ‘be proactive to be able to advise clients […] that do business across the continent’, identifying the work clients are doing in different jurisdictions and discussing with them the rights and obligations they have under the AfCFTA.

No shining knights

Asked to predict the AfCFTA’s prospects, Ogo points to how the Agreement has been built to measure success. For example, observers will be able to review the progress of member states in terms of their implementation strategies and to what extent tariffs have been reduced.

She believes the AfCFTA has momentum, noting that the Agreement itself was negotiated in only a few years – a relatively swift turnaround when compared to how long international trade deals typically take to complete. The commencement of trading under the AfCFTA would have begun in July 2020, were it not for delays caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.

‘Even with the constraints of Covid, we see that the member states are pressing on and saying we’re still going to do all of these things that we have said we will do, and so going by that it seems […] they are convinced that this is something they should do and they’re continuing to invest in [things relating to] the AfCFTA’, she says.

‘There is immense political will and political desire to see it succeed,’ says Sodipo, ‘in the sense that African states have realised that there is no shining knight that is going to come and save you from your economic underdevelopment, you just have to sort it out yourself. And to resolve it, you have to work with other African countries, because they’re the ones that have common interests, a common agenda [and so on]’.

For Sodipo, lawyers have a particular role to play in the success or failure of the AfCFTA. ‘It’s a legal agreement, if people are supposed to make noise where legal obligations are not being met, it’s not necessarily going to be the average guy on the streets [doing that]’, he says. ‘It has to be legal experts that are trying to creatively look at the mechanisms, at the provisions, to see how you can push the envelope or you can get the things that will satisfy your clients’.

In the concluding webinar of the series, the IBA African Regional Forum’s Babatunde Ajibade highlighted a point made in an earlier webinar, stating that ‘there is more than enough talent, knowledge and expertise on the African continent to deal with the issues that arise from the AfCFTA and to make the AfCFTA work […] we Africans have to ensure that we’re in the forefront of making this Agreement work to the benefit of the African economy’.

Simon Fuller is Managing Editor at the IBA and can be contacted at simon.fuller@int-bar.org